The Cuban Missile Crisis Was A Twenty Day Crisis - 923 Words

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a thirteen day crisis that occurred between the United States and the Soviet Union. This crisis occurred on October 14, 1962 and ended on October 28, 1962. The crisis involved the placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba by the Soviet Union and the caused concern for the United States due to the closeness of Cuba. This placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba was due to the failed Bay of Pigs fiasco and Cuba’s need for protection against the United States invading in the future. The Bay of Pigs was a failed mission of the United States that happened in April of 1961. The United States wanted to overthrow the communist leader Fidel Castro, but was ultimately defeated within just three days. Due to this failure, Cuba contacted the Soviet Union to get them to place nuclear missiles so that Cuba could defend their country from the United States. With this failure under John F. Kennedy’s presidency, he had to figure out a different way of forcing the d ictatorship of Fidel Castro without strengthening him even more. Before they could plan another invasion into Cuba, a U-2 plane had flown close range to the Cuban border and had captured photographic evidence of nuclear missile facilities being built. According to Marfleet (2000), â€Å"Kennedy was privately belligerent—a condition sparked largely by anger at what he perceived to be Soviet attempts to deceive him† (p 547). While it was a small part of a bigger problem, it was the key defining event of the Cold WarShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The Cuban Missile Crisis1279 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy said, â€Å"It is insane that two men, sitting on opposite sides of the world, should be able to decide to bring an end to civilization,† (Nuclear Ban Test Treaty). This quote directly describes the overall idea of Cuban Missile Crisis. The â€Å"Thirteen Days† of the Cuban Missile Crisis refer to the closest poi nt where the Soviet Union and the United States came to nuclear war. For thirteen days both nations waited in fear, for news if there was aboutRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : The United States1339 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Cuban Missile Crisis was a thirteen day political and military standoff between the United States and Soviet Union officials. The confrontation was over the Soviet army putting nuclear weapons on Cuban soil, only ninety miles from the United States coast. On October 15, 1962 a United States U-2 Spy Plane discovered the missiles and this started the crisis itself. On October 22, 1962 President John F. Kennedy addressed the United States and told the country about the missiles and also statedRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy: Hero or Villain Essay1295 Words   |  6 PagesPresident John F. Kennedy: Hero or Villain? For thirteen days, the United States’ government and citizens waited with abated breath, fearing the nuclear annihilation of their great nation. These thirteen days between October 16 and 28, 1962 are now known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. Briefly this crisis can be explained as a confrontation between two of the world’s greatest superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, which nearly instigated a nuclear calamity that could have destroyed bothRead MoreWhat Major Events in the Cold War Caused Fidel Castro to Side with the Soviet Union Super Power?805 Words   |  4 PagesCastro to side with the Soviet Union Super Power? In the 1960’s the world was largely dominated by the Cold War which was a long period of tension and hostility that only occasionally broke out into open warfare. This conflict was caused by the rivalry of two superpowers - the United States and the Soviet Union and emerged after the Second World War. Both super powers had different ideologies - the United States was a capitalist democracy, whereas the Soviet Union were communist. These two superRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Essay2023 Words   |  9 PagesThirteen days in October of 1962 changed the course of the World in the nuclear age forever. The Cuban Missile Crisis represents the closest brink of mutual nuclear destruction the World has ever been close to reaching. The leadership in place throughout the crisis is critical to the story of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Three men dominated the nations involved in the crisis and captivated citizens of all corners of the world. President John Fitzgerald Kennedy of the United States, Soviet Premier NikitaRead MoreCauses of the Cuban Missile Crisis1872 Words   |  8 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the most pressured filled moments in the history of the United States. Furthermore, the actins that took place that day would have not have just effected the United States and the Soviet Union but the entire war. The U.S. and Soviet Union the resident two superpowers of the time were on the verge of all out nuclear war. That potential war would have murdered tens of thousands of people within the first couple days. Furthermore, the nuclear fallout from a war ofRead MoreThe Cold War : Cuban Missile Crisis2377 Words   |  10 PagesDuBois World Studies 19 June 2015 The Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis Nuclear catastrophe was hanging by a thread ... and we weren t counting days or hours, but minutes. Soviet General and Army Chief of Operations, Anatoly Gribkov The closest the World has ever been to nuclear war was with The Cuban Missile Crisis. The lives of millions lay in the ability of President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khrushchev to reach an agreement. The crisis began when the United States discovered that justRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Kennedy Hope947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Kennedy Hope 1961 was a year of renewal and hope for American and its allies through the election of 1960 and a new young vigorous president; John F. Kennedy. Young and full of energy President Kennedy gave America hope through courage, re-invention, and pioneered that path forward for America and its people. The election of President Kennedy to the highest office in the land of freedom and opportunity brought new hope, dedication, and power through superiority to America and the world. FirstRead MoreEssay about The Cuban Missile Crisis1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis The Cold War was a time in history when intense rivalry overcame two nations. Many historians agree that the Cold War began in 1945, the end of World War II, and lasted through the late 1980’s. The two opposing sides were the Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States. The Cold War was not a battle involving guns; in fact it was more about power and competition between two groups. Each side thought its political and economic systems were superior to the otherRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Gave the Order for the Bay of Pigs Invasion1100 Words   |  4 PagesCuba and overthrow Castro, America was expecting a victory. The American population expected Cuba to be destroyed. They thought Cuba could not stand up to the United States. What they didn’t expect was that Cuba would put up a fight. The Bay of Pigs invasion was a deciding factor in the Cold War that gave Cuba and the Soviet Union strength, and decreased morale and confidence in the Americans. The Bay of Pigs invasion took place during the Cold War, which was not an actual war, but it consisted

Freedom Is For The Braves - 872 Words

Freedom is For the Braves Being an American means more than just a section filled out on a person’s birth certificate. Being an American is an honor and is something to be proud of. Here, everyone has a choice in what religion to believe in, what to eat, and what to do. People even have the right to choose who should be this great nation s leader. Here, people are given opportunities in every corner, and this freedom was achieved because thousands of men and women were willing to give their lives, in one way or another, in order for us to live the way we do today. An American takes the democratic government presented as an opportunity to help the United States strive for an even greater future; an American also gives back to the nation, serves in any way they possibly can, and an American acknowledges the history behind the success of this nation. A person cannot say that they are a true American if they don t know the history of the nation. The past is what has provided the present and has changed th e future. The history of this nation is so rich. Our flag has so much more meaning to it. Each shape and color has some kind of significant symbol. The stripes on the flag symbolize the thirteen colonies and the stars represent the fifty states. There are so many stories behind every square foot of land this country has to offer. People do not realize it, but America has gone through so much to become the nation it is today. A true American is excited to learn moreShow MoreRelatedFreedom Is For The Braves873 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom is for the Braves Being an American means more than just a section filled out on a person’s birth certificate. Being an American is an honor and is something to be proud of. Here, everyone has a choice in what religion to believe in, what to eat, and what to do. People even have the right to choose who should be this great nation s leader. Here, people are given opportunities in every corner, and this freedom was achieved because thousands of men and women were willing to give their livesRead MoreBrave New World and Individual Freedom785 Words   |  4 Pagesto individual freedom? â€Å"Community, Identity, Stability.† -- The motto that shapes and defines the entire civilized world. Civilians like Lenina believe that the motto has given them their individual freedom. â€Å"I am free. Free to have the most wonderful time. Everybodys happy nowadays.† (Page 79) Ironically, Huxley was trying to convey the exact opposite message. The motto really speaks of a heavy price paid -- freedom in exchange for collective happiness. Freedom to feel, freedom of identity,Read MoreAldous Huxley s Brave New World Freedom1236 Words   |  5 Pages If given the choice to live a life of either freedom or oppression, most would choose freedom. However, in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New world freedom is an option none of his characters possess. Due to the global depression in the 1920s and 1930s, Aldous Huxley warns of individuality and self-perseverance in Brave New World. World war 1 and the great depression had a large impact on BNW. Figures of WWI provided material to BNW like†[Benito Mussolini who] led an authoritarian government thatRead MoreA Free And Home Of The Brave : The Freedom And Its Modern Day Reality1500 Words   |  6 Pagesland of the free and home of the brave seem to be invisibly engraved within every star and stripe. However, the promises of freedom that are established during a country’s eager beginnings rarely come into play in the manner in which they are intended. Flags are meant to be a representation of the ideals of a free country; however, flags are often a facade for the unsettling inequalities that exist within a nation. In the young country of Eritrea, the road to freedom and its modern day reality exhibitsRead MoreAnalyzing Structure And Point Of View1494 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing Structure and Point of View In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley basically divided the novel into three parts. The first part is to introduce an imagined future in which everything is unconventional. He gave us details for the fertilizing room and the world was built based on the ideas on Community, Identity, and Stability. The second part is to plunge the readers into the Brave New World and to give the view of different characters in the book, for example the ideal citizens Henry FosterRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Huxley919 Words   |  4 Pages In Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, the social boundaries that we have today regarding sex does not exist, families are obsolete as citizens are made in Bokanovsky’s Process (one that does not require sex meaning, the need for parents is gone), and the government conditions their citizens from early ages to keep stability throughout its regime. Brave New World follows protagonist Bernard (and his hidden love for nature and struggle for freedom) through this society, revealing all of it’s gloryRead MoreEssay on Brave New World: A Society of False Happiness1663 Words   |  7 Pagesis a dystopia. Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is in 26th century England. With the help of advanced technology and drugs, happiness fills the lives of the people living at that time period. But, the people are missing out on one of the most important feelings of life. That is sorrow or unhappiness. The society in Brave New World is very different from modern-day society; many aspects of life are removed such as family, monogamy, and religion. The citizens of Brave New World live in false happinessRead MoreThe Social and Political Attitudes of Brave New World1373 Words   |  6 Pagesyou adapt with no freedom of thought, speech, or happiness in general? In the novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, there are many different attitudes portrayed with the purpose to make the reader think of the possible changes in our society and how they co uld affect its people. Brave New World is an unsettling, loveless and even sinister place. This is because Huxley endows his ideal society with features calculated to alienate his audience. Typically, reading Brave New World elicits theRead MoreEssay on Imagine a Brave New World1255 Words   |  6 Pages Imagine a Brave New World  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Imagine living in a world without mothers and fathers, a place in which all those around you are human clones with no personality, a vast array of people that are not seen as individuals but a social body. This society results from the absence of spirituality and family, the obsession with physical pleasure, and the misuse of technology. The society described above, becomes a reality in A Brave New World, a novel depicting how the advancement ofRead MoreBrave New World And 1984 By Aldous Huxley And George Orwell994 Words   |  4 Pagesto demonstrate the gloomy outcomes of power-hungry totalitarian governments in their novels Brave New World and 1984. Orwell, in 1984, fabricates the â€Å"Party† as a communistic, autocratic bureaucracy that ensures their control over their populace through unscrupulous manipulation of history and ubiquitous espionage that gives them complete control over every individual’s thoughts and feelings. Huxley, in Brave New World, establishes a government that safeguards social stability and maximizes â€Å"happiness†

Raise the Red Lantern free essay sample

Raise the Red Lantern Question: What ideas are conveyed in the film Raise the Red Lantern? Raise the Red Lantern is a movie directed by Zhang Yimou. The plot of this movie is that an educated young woman named Songlian marries a wealthy man as a concubine and the experiences she is having in this household. This movie provides a valuable insight into China’s culture and history. It shows the lives of the rich noble class in the 1920s and portrays the lives of the concubines in a Chinese household. This movie presents the ideas of a woman’s role and status in a Chinese household and the traditions, rules and customs of China. The women’s role and status in a Chinese household is what a woman is required to do. The purpose of her existence in a wealthy household is to serve the Master. Their lives are controlled by the Master and they have to do what the Master orders them to do. We will write a custom essay sample on Raise the Red Lantern or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During the opening scene, the role of the women is explained by Songlian when she was talking to her mother about â€Å"a woman’s fate†. She said that a woman’s fate in a China is to serve their husband and that they should have no freedom. This scene was taken using a close up of her face and the tears when she said those words. No one was around her when she said it and her mother is not shown in the film. We cannot hear anything except for the sound of her voice and her mother did not reply when Songlian said this speech. This demonstrates her feelings and mood and shows that she feels isolated and sorrowful during this scene. She feels that she is completely alone and even though she said that being a concubine is a woman’s fate, she still is against this idea and does not wish to be in this position. The second example is the fact that Songlian struggles to be the Master’s favourite wife. By being the Master’s favourite wife she can have numerous privileges around the household and can hold power over the whole household. When 3rd wife has a foot massage the sound of the tool radiates throughout the house Songlian is shown sitting with her feet on a chair imagining that she was the one who was getting a foot massage. This shows that all of the women in the household desire a foot massage and all of them want to be the Master’s favourite in order to gain power and status. The traditions, rule and custom of China is includes gender inequality and the rules in the household. During the film there is a film where Songlian explores the house and discovers the ‘Death House’. When she asks 2nd sister about it she is told that a lot of women died in that room. The ‘Death House’ is shot with long shot and creepy non-diegetic music. Songlian was obviously shaken after she went in the room and saw the shoes of women. This represents the importance of rules and regulations in a wealthy household because if someone defies these rules deadly punishments will happen. The rules are set by the past generations and by following these rules the tradition of a household can be withheld. The rules and regulations were greatly amplified when 3rd sister was hanged for having an affair with Dr. Gao. The second evidence of the tradition of the household is the practice of lighting the lanterns. The red colour of the lanterns symbolises power because if the Master chooses to be with a wife for the night the lanterns of that wife will be lit. The bright lanterns contrast with the dull colour of the buildings and it stands out from the grey walls. The concubines want the lanterns of their quarter to be lit because it is stated in the movie that whoever can get the Master they can earn power and respect. This movie shows the ideas of a woman’s role and status in a Chinese household and the traditions, rules and customs of China. All these points portray the life of being a concubine and the danger it holds. This movie presents the fact that women is considered inferior to men in China and are treated as servants.

Leda and the Swan free essay sample

The poem Leda and the Swan was inspired by the Greek myth, in which Leda is seduced and raped by Zeus in the guise of a sawn. In his poem, Yeats explores the idea of a single action unfolding into violence and destruction. This could be seen as a metaphor for Yeats’s frustration with the decline of Ireland and its culture, echoed here by the fall of Troy. Yeats also presents the violence of the rape with an ambiguity that is both unsettling and intriguing, leading many critics to question whether Yeats does in fact present a violent episode, or whether he instead portrays the victim with a degree of complicity. One of the most powerful aspects of the poem is Yeats’s vivid depiction of action and motion. This is evident from the very beginning, with the resounding first line, ‘a sudden blow’, plunging the reader straight into the violent scene and opening the poem with an impact that echoes Leda’s surprise. We will write a custom essay sample on Leda and the Swan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This dramatic opening could be compared with that of The Cold Heaven. Yeats emphasises the physicality of the attack in his deliberate omission of any names or characters, referring to the swan as ‘the great wings’, and Leda as ‘the staggering girl’. By presenting the rape as simply a series of motions, with little hint at human thought or emotion, Yeats creates a feeling of strange detachment. Furthermore, Yeats chooses to use verbs in the progressive form, such as ‘beating’, ‘staggering’ and ‘loosening’, making the rape seem immediate and vivid, and creating the uneasy feeling that the reader is watching as the violence unfolds before their eyes. This is a technique also seen in The Second Coming, where Yeats creates a sense of immediacy and looming threat: ‘turning and turning in the widening gyre’, ‘moving its slow thighs’. In addition, Yeats emphasises the poem’s feeling of motion through his use of metre. It is written largely in iambic pentameter, which gives the poem an almost pulsating rhythm, echoing perhaps the ‘great wings beating’, or even the physical action of the rape. However, Yeats also uses caesurae, enjambment and irregular sentence distributions, which jar the regular rhythm and quicken the pace, adding to the sense of urgency. This digression from the iambic metre can be seen clearly in the fifth line, ‘how can those terrified vague fingers push’, and perhaps evokes Leda’s struggle against the force of her rapist. Yeats not only portrays the rape of Leda as an act of violence, but also as the cause of future violence and destruction, arguing that the ‘shudder in the loins’ ultimately led to the death of Agamemnon and the entire fall of Troy. Yeats was interested in the idea of a small action having significant, horrific consequences: the fleeting word ‘shudder’ juxtaposes with the almost apocalyptic imagery that follows. Similar concepts can be seen in The Man and the Echo, where he asks, ‘did that play of mine send out / certain men the English shot? The moment of ejaculation forms the sonnet’s volta, after which the poem’s iambic metre and regular rhyme scheme begins to disintegrate, echoing the destructive imagery of ‘the broken wall’ and ‘the burning roof and tower’. In addition, the volta signals a change in the poem’s tone. Whilst the progressive verbs of the first two stanzas gave it a feeling of immediacy, t he use of past tense after the volta (caught, mastered) and the rhetorical questions give it a more reflective feel. It could, however, be argued that Yeats presents a certain lack of violence in his portrayal of the rape, creating a somewhat disturbing representation of the myth, and suggesting even a degree of complicity. Yeats’s decision to write the poem as a Petrarchan sonnet is unusual, as this form is most commonly associated with love. However, certain descriptions do in fact hint at some affection in the seemingly violent scene: ‘her thighs caressed’, ‘he holds her helpless breast’. Furthermore, Leda’s ‘vague fingers’ and ‘loosening thighs’ could imply willing submission, rather than giving in to force. Yeats’s use of the third person emphasises this idea further, by creating a sense of detachment and voyeurism. Leda is not given thought or emotion, and we are therefore discouraged from identifying with her as the victim. In fact, one could go as far as to argue that Yeats encourages the reader to identify with the swan, by presenting Leda as an object and reducing her to a list of body parts. All of this adds to the poem’s disturbing nature. Overall, the violence of Leda and the Swan is used by Yeats to explore how a single act can have tragic, destructive consequences, using the fall of Troy as a metaphor. He focuses on physicality of the rape, portraying it as little more than a series of actions, giving the poem an unsettling feel. Furthermore, Yeats’s ambiguity and lack of violence suggest a perhaps a certain complicity, making the poem all the more disturbing.

Geography of Pakistans Provinces and Capital Territory

Geography of Pakistan's Provinces and Capital Territory Pakistan is a country located in the Middle East near the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The country is known as having the sixth largest population in the world and the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia, is a developing nation with an underdeveloped economy and it has a hot desert climate combined with cold mountainous areas. Most recently, Pakistan has experienced severe flooding that has displaced millions and destroyed a large part of its infrastructure. The country of Pakistan is divided into four provinces and one capital territory for local administration (as well as several federally administered tribal areas). The following is a list of Pakistans provinces and territory, arranged by land area. For reference, population and capital cities have also been included. Capital Territory 1) Islamabad Capital Territory Land Area: 906 sq kmPopulation: 805,235Capital: Islamabad Provinces 1) Balochistan Land Area: 347,190 sq kmPopulation: 6,565,885Capital: Quetta 2) Punjab Land Area: 205,345 sq kmPopulation: 73,621,290Capital: Lahore 3) Sindh Land Area: 140,914 sq kmPopulation: 30,439,893Capital: Karachi 4) Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Land Area: 74,521 sq kmPopulation: 17,743,645Capital: Peshawar Sources Central Intelligence Agency. (19 August 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Pakistan. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html Wikipedia.org. (14 August 2010). Administrative Units of Pakistan - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan

Analyze the treatment of the theme of death and its aesthetic Essay

Analyze the treatment of the theme of death and its aesthetic representation. interpret sandy mcintosh poems, cemetery chess and - Essay Example In a clear attempt to deal with his mother’s death, the poet created numerous poems that explore, on multiple levels, the experience of irrevocably losing a loved one. His use of language is both simple and complex. The words he uses are approachable, easy to understand, and string together in an easy-to-follow sequence. However, the way he strings them together and the words he chooses to place in various places invoke a sense that there is much more being said than what comes through on a simple reading. In poems such as â€Å"Cemetery Chess† and â€Å"Between Earth and Sky†, McIntosh provides us with a seemingly whimsical look at death and its effects as he discusses his mother’s decline into death and eventual burial while also hinting that there’s something much deeper, more insightful, behind the words. Within both of these poems, McIntosh makes the topic of death something approachable and something that can be talked about without fear or ov erwhelming sadness. As fellow poet Neil de la Flor says, â€Å"McIntosh unlocks what's inside of us scurrying about in a disorganized, yet manufactured chaos of our own doing. McIntosh puts that mess in order and narrates the stories, the poems, that run through our veins and his. He paints a world that we can walk into and sit down safely next to our greatest fears and hopes† (2013). ... In the poem "Between Earth and Sky", the speaker exposes some of the loss he feels as he begins to lose his mother. He writes at a time when he has already come to accept his mother's condition and is able to speak from a point of reflection and contemplation. He tells us this openly and realistically, admitting that it has been a process: There was a time when I would have corrected her right then: "No, Mother," I would have said. "That isn't true." But I've known for some time she's been going round the bend, her memory dissolving in dementia. It is only a surprise to find she has been busy rewriting our scripts with happy endings! (McIntosh, 15-20) Part of his acceptance may be the amount of time that has passed since his mother was first diagnosed, or it might be that he, and his mother have reached an age where death is no longer all that frightening. According to Feifel and Banscomb, "at both 'conscious' and 'fantasy' levels, older subjects displayed less fear of death than the ir middle-aged and younger counterparts (cited in Neimeyer, 2004) in scientific studies regarding attitudes toward death. However, that doesn't mean that the speaker is fully aware of what is going on. While looking at this poem, it is tempting to say Fink is wrong in his assessment of McIntosh's poetry as a whole that "the male speakers (and sometimes female characters) in his poems and prose-poems often seem to be caught in the grips of a psychological determinism that, to greater or lesser degrees, thwarts their agency, or else their lack of insight about how they are manipulated by external forces prevents them from perceiving possibilities for agency that can increase their range of

Data Execercise for Priciples of Macroeconomics Assignment

Data Execercise for Priciples of Macroeconomics - Assignment Example The Real GDP between these two periods reduces by 3.5%. Inflation and changes in prices of products causes a significant difference between nominal and real GDP percentages (Bea.gov, 2015). With nominal GDP and real GDP values, one can derive an index of the price level in the year. This index is referred to as GDP deflator and its formula is given by: Real GDP values are not impacted by changes in prices; it is only affected if there are changes in the quantity. To determine the purchasing power of an economy with price adjustments real GDP values are used. Nominal GDP values are used to determine the total value of services or products produced in an economy within one year (Bea.gov, 2015). Gross Domestic Product is an approximated value of the total amount of a country’s products and services, within its boundary, by its citizens and foreigners, calculated over a one-year period. Whereas Gross National Product is an approximated value of the total amount of services and products, by citizens of the country, within its lands or on foreign territories, computed over the course of one year (Bea.gov, 2015). GDP is used to assess the strength of a country’s economy, whereas GNP is used to assess the economic performance of citizens of a certain country. Both these values can also be used in analyzing the distribution of wealth in the economy or also calculating average purchasing power of a person in a country (Bea.gov, 2015). National income is the total value of a countrys output production of new services and goods produced in one year. It measures the monetary value of the production output of services and goods produced in an economy over a period (Bea.gov, 2015). The National income was higher than GNP. To determine NI from GNP you use the following formula, GNP= GDP + NR (Net income from assets abroad (income receipts). Depending on the factors, GNP can be either lower or higher than GDP. The ratio of domestic to